Genetics and development
Understanding developmental neuroscience and abnormal psychology of genetic conditions
Our research focus
To better understand the developmental neuroscience and abnormal psychology of genetic conditions, our research focuses on single gene mutations where the cause is known.
These conditions include common neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
This approach contrasts with researching these disorders in the general population, where the cause is often unknown.
Research goals
Our research program integrates four main goals:
- Characterising symptoms and clinical outcomes: We aim to detail the symptoms and clinical outcomes associated with these genetic conditions.
- Identifying novel neuroimaging markers: We work to discover new neuroimaging markers that can aid in diagnosis and treatment.
- Disease modelling: Using state-of-the-art laboratory protocols, we model diseases to better understand their progression and impact.
- Translating findings into clinical trials: We translate our research findings into disease-directed clinical trials to test new treatments.
Impact of our research
Characterising the neurodevelopmental profile of children with a single gene mutation will enhance our understanding of the difficulties and outcomes associated with these conditions.
Our research has significant implications for developing novel disease modelling and drug screening methods, which will help identify new treatment pathways and stratify patients for clinical trials.
We expect this approach to lead to improved treatment efficacy and more personalised treatment approaches for individuals with these genetic conditions.
Group Leaders
Our projects
A multimodal study of social functioning and autism spectrum disorder in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Study overview
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex polygenic disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behaviour. The cause of ASD in the general population remains poorly understood, making it difficult to identify atypical brain pathways and effective treatments.
This study investigates ASD in children with a mutation in their NF1 gene, providing insight into one potential pathway to autism caused by NF1.
Study details
This cross-sectional study involves 200 children, including those with NF1, typically developing children, and children with ASD from the general population. Key components of the study include:
- Clinical phenotyping: All participants undergo extensive clinical phenotyping. Those at risk for ASD will receive a detailed assessment.
- Brain scans: Participants will have structural and functional brain scans to identify markers that distinguish children with autism.
- Eye-tracking paradigm: Younger participants will complete a novel eye-tracking model to assess eye-gaze patterns in response to social stimuli and shapes.
- Blood collection: Blood samples from consenting participants will be used to model neurodevelopmental disorders in the laboratory and examine proof-of-principle drug screening.
Goals and impact
By understanding the specific genetic cause of ASD in children with NF1, this study aims to shed light on the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental pathology. The findings will contribute to the development of novel disease modelling and drug screening methods, ultimately leading to improved treatment pathways and personalised approaches for individuals with these genetic conditions.
Social functioning and autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents with Noonan syndrome
Study overview
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common genetic condition with variable features, including short stature, congenital heart disease, distinctive facial characteristics, skeletal anomalies, and varying degrees of developmental delay.
Research over the past decade suggests that individuals with NS may experience a range of cognitive, behavioural, and social difficulties, including symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Despite some preliminary research, outcomes in individuals with NS are highly variable, and we currently know very little about the nature and causes of the cognitive, social, and behavioural difficulties experienced by children and adolescents living with NS.
Study details
This cross-sectional pilot study will involve 70 children and adolescents with NS. Participants will complete detailed assessments of:
- Cognition
- Language
- Memory
- Attention
- Visual perception
- Adaptive behaviour
- Social skills
- Mental health concerns
Individuals who screen at risk for ASD will undergo detailed assessments for ASD. Additionally, participants will complete MRI brain scans to examine whether cognitive and behavioural outcomes in individuals with NS relate to differences in brain development and function.
We will also assess whether variability in outcomes depends on the specific gene mutation, medical severity, and family environment.
Goals and impact
This study will generate important new knowledge regarding the nature and causes of difficulties experienced by children and adolescents with NS. The findings will inform the optimal design of educational and therapeutic interventions.
Quantification of GABA in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 using magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a cognitive biomarker?
Study overview
In this study, we are using a brain imaging technique called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to examine the brain neurotransmitter GABA in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). We are comparing these children to typically developing children to determine whether GABA levels are abnormal in specific brain regions of children with NF1.
Goals
- Determine GABA levels: We aim to identify whether GABA levels are abnormal in particular brain regions of children with NF1.
- Identify cognitive biomarkers: If abnormal GABA levels are found, we will investigate whether these levels are indicators of the cognitive difficulties experienced by some children with NF1.
Effects of methylphenidate on cognition and behaviour in children with neurofibromatosis type 1
Study overview
This registered (ACTRN12619000525189), randomised controlled trial investigates whether methylphenidate is effective in treating cognitive deficits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
This study is conducted in collaboration with the Kids Neuroscience Centre in Sydney (The Children’s Hospital at Westmead).
Study details
- Cross-over study: Participants complete 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment followed by 6 weeks of placebo, or vice versa.
- Blinded treatment: Both participants and investigators are blinded to the treatment sequence.
Trametinib in Neurofibromatosis-Associated Tumours (TiNT) Study
Study overview
This open-label, multisite phase II study investigates the use of trametinib in children, adolescents, and young adults with NF1-associated tumours, including plexiform neurofibromas and optic pathway gliomas. The study is conducted across various locations in Australia and New Zealand.
About Trametinib
Trametinib is a MEK inhibitor that helps downregulate the overactive RAS/MAPK pathway in NF1 patients.
Goals and impact:
- Tumour response: Measured radiologically and functionally over a two-year treatment period.
- Quality of life: Assessed through visual evaluations, quality of life, and pain scores.
- Cognitive and behavioural outcomes: Evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months, and compared with a control group of untreated NF1 patients of similar age.
This study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of trametinib in managing NF1-associated tumours and its impact on patients' overall well-being.
Intervention Trial for Cognitive Deficits in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Efficacy of Computerised Cognitive Training
Study overview
This phase II randomised parallel-group controlled trial examines the effectiveness of two interventions on cognitive outcomes in children with NF1.
Study design
Participants are randomised to either:
- Active treatment (Cogmed): A computerised, gamified working memory training program that enhances the ability to hold and mentally manipulate information, such as performing mental arithmetic.
- Active control condition: A computerised program targeting academic skills.
Importance of working memory
Working memory is crucial for developing academic skills like reading and maths, where children need to hold and work with multiple units of information in their minds.
Collaboration
This study is an international collaboration involving:
- Children’s National Health System
- Boston Children’s Hospital
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI)
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02944032
Goals and impact
This trial aims to determine the most effective intervention for improving cognitive outcomes in children with NF1.
Pilot intervention trial for assistive listening devices in children with NF1 and auditory processing deficits
Study overview
This registered phase I randomised, blinded, two-period crossover pilot study (ACTRN12619000525189) involves 10 participants and investigates the use of remote microphone assistive listening devices to treat auditory processing deficits in children with NF1.
About the devices
These non-invasive wireless sound transmission devices enhance the listening environment by improving signal-to-noise ratios.
Study significance
While these devices have not been previously trialled in children with NF1, emerging evidence from the general population indicates they are practical for children to use and can lead to improved speech perception, academic performance, and interpersonal relationships in children with auditory processing deficits.
Goals and impact
This study aims to explore the potential benefits of assistive listening devices for children with NF1, providing insights into their effectiveness in improving auditory processing and related outcomes.
Funding
Thank you to our supporters.
- US Department of Defense Neurofibromatosis Research Program
- Children’s Tumor Foundation (US)
- Children’s Tumour Foundation (Australia)
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Flicker of Hope and the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute
Featured publications
Payne JM, Haebich KM, MacKenzie R, Walsh KS, Hearps SJC, Coghill D, Barton B, Pride NA, Ullrich NJ, Tonsgard JH, Viskochil D, Schorry EK, Klesse L, Fisher MJ, Gutmann DH, Rosser T, Packer RJ, Korf B, Acosta MT, Bellgrove MA, North KN. Cognition, ADHD Symptoms, and Functional Impairment in Children and Adolescents With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. J Atten Disord. 2021 Jun;25(8):1177-1186. doi: 10.1177/1087054719894384. Epub 2019 Dec 14. PMID: 31838937.
Haebich KM, Pride NA, Walsh KS, Chisholm A, Rouel M, Maier A, Anderson V, Barton B, Silk T, Korgaonkar M, Seal M, Lami F, Lorenzo J, Williams K, Dabscheck G, Rae CD, Kean M, North KN, Payne JM. Understanding autism spectrum disorder and social functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: protocol for a cross-sectional multimodal study. BMJ Open. 2019 Sep 26;9(9):e030601. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030601. PMID: 31558455; PMCID: PMC6773330.
Payne JM, Hearps SJC, Walsh KS, Paltin I, Barton B, Ullrich NJ, Haebich KM, Coghill D, Gioia GA, Cantor A, Cutter G, Tonsgard JH, Viskochil D, Rey-Casserly C, Schorry EK, Ackerson JD, Klesse L, Fisher MJ, Gutmann DH, Rosser T, Packer RJ, Korf B, Acosta MT, North KN; NF Clinical Trials Consortium. Reproducibility of cognitive endpoints in clinical trials: lessons from neurofibromatosis type 1. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019 Dec;6(12):2555-2565. doi: 10.1002/acn3.50952. Epub 2019 Dec 3. PMID: 31797581; PMCID: PMC6917317.
Lewis AK, Porter MA, Williams TA, Bzishvili S, North KN, Payne JM. Attention to faces in social context in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019 Feb;61(2):174-180. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13928. Epub 2018 Jun 5. PMID: 29873078.
Chisholm AK, Anderson VA, Pride NA, Malarbi S, North KN, Payne JM. Social Function and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adults with Neurofibromatosis Type 1: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2018 Sep;28(3):317-340. doi: 10.1007/s11065-018-9380-x. Epub 2018 Aug 11. PMID: 30097761.
Pride NA, Korgaonkar MS, North KN, Payne JM. Impaired engagement of the ventral attention system in neurofibromatosis type 1. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018 Apr;12(2):499-508. doi: 10.1007/s11682-017-9717-8. PMID: 28364401.
Pride NA, Korgaonkar MS, North KN, Barton B, Payne JM. The neural basis of deficient response inhibition in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Evidence from a functional MRI study. Cortex. 2017 Aug;93:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.022. Epub 2017 May 6. PMID: 28554066.
Lewis AK, Porter MA, Williams TA, Bzishvili S, North KN, Payne JM. Facial emotion recognition, face scan paths, and face perception in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Neuropsychology. 2017 May;31(4):361-370. doi: 10.1037/neu0000340. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28318281.
Payne JM, Barton B, Ullrich NJ, Cantor A, Hearps SJ, Cutter G, Rosser T, Walsh KS, Gioia GA, Wolters PL, Tonsgard J, Schorry E, Viskochil D, Klesse L, Fisher M, Gutmann DH, Silva AJ, Hunter SJ, Rey-Casserly C, Cantor NL, Byars AW, Stavinoha PL, Ackerson JD, Armstrong CL, Isenberg J, O'Neil SH, Packer RJ, Korf B, Acosta MT, North KN; NF Clinical Trials Consortium. Randomized placebo-controlled study of lovastatin in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology. 2016 Dec 13;87(24):2575-2584. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003435. Epub 2016 Nov 9. PMID: 27956565; PMCID: PMC5207004.
Payne JM, Porter M, Pride NA, North KN. Theory of mind in children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Neuropsychology. 2016 May;30(4):439-48. doi: 10.1037/neu0000262. Epub 2016 Jan 11. PMID: 26752121.
Morris SM, Acosta MT, Garg S, Green J, Huson S, Legius E, North KN, Payne JM, Plasschaert E, Frazier TW, Weiss LA, Zhang Y, Gutmann DH, Constantino JN. Disease Burden and Symptom Structure of Autism in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Study of the International NF1-ASD Consortium Team (INFACT). JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Dec 1;73(12):1276-1284. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2600. PMID: 27760236; PMCID: PMC5298203.