Paediatric Emergency Medicine Centre of Research Excellence (PEM CRE)

The Paediatric Emergency Medicine Centre of Research Excellence (PEM CRE) brings together leading researchers and clinicians in Australia and New Zealand, to provide leadership and infrastructure for multicentre research and collaboration.

The multicentre projects undertaken by the PEM CRE are implemented via the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) network. There are currently over 100 members from over 50 sites involved in PREDICT who undertake multicentre paediatric emergency research projects throughout Australia and New Zealand. 

Children visit Emergency Departments (EDs) for acute medical care on average of once every year per child, for the duration of their childhood. This represents a large interaction with our health system and an important opportunity to address paediatric health issues. Emergency Department presentations are often critical, with the risk of death or substantial disability if the children are not managed appropriately.

Providing evidence-based care for emergency management is essential and research is directed to address areas where there is a lack of evidence, incomplete translation of existing evidence to practice, and limited policy development and dissemination.

Research undertaken by the PEM CRE focuses on:

• High-volume conditions that are of daily importance, including head injuries and cervical spine injuries.
• Infrequent but life-threatening conditions in which optimum care is yet to be established (convulsive status epilepticus and severe asthma.
• Defining the most suitable methodology for disseminating and implementing practice change in Australasian Emergency Departments (EDs).

More information

• Visit the PREDICT website

Our projects

Our research group is part of the PREDICT Centre for Research Excellence into common and important paediatric emergency conditions including head and neck injuries, epilepsy, stroke, acute infections and pain. The centre brings together researchers across Australian and New Zealand emergency departments in the PREDICT network, to collaborate in the conduct of high-quality multi-centre clinical studies.

From 2015 onwards the PEM CRE has been funded by two NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence grants. In addition to generating new evidence, a key focus of the centre is to translate new findings into clinical practice and determine how best to achieve this. The PEM CRE aims to build capacity for future research by supporting research higher degree students (MPhil, MD/DMedSc, PhD) from PREDICT-affiliated universities while embedded in multicentre acute care studies.

Research students have supervisors from over one institution within PREDICT, routinely have input from biostatisticians (Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics at MCRI) and health economists and are usually mentored by content experts from relevant sub-specialties such as neurology, neurosurgery, anaesthesia & pain medicine (led by Ms Amanda Williams, (Melbourne Children's Campus research coordinator), Ms Catherine Wilson (network coordinator), Dr Emma Tavender (knowledge translation coordinator), Associate Professor Ed Oakley, Professor Franz Babl).

Single Centre Studies

Fentanyl, Nitrous Oxide and Ondansetron Trial (FON)

Sedation with nitrous oxide and intranasal fentanyl is useful for mild to moderately painful procedures in the emergency department, such as fracture reductions. However, the combination has a higher emesis rate compared to nitrous oxide alone. As part of a suite of sedation-related studies over the past decade, we are conducting a Murdoch Children's funded double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial to investigate whether ondansetron is better than placebo in reducing the emesis rate in fentanyl and nitrous oxide sedations (led by Dr Emmanuelle Fauteux-Lamarre, A/Prof Sandy Hopper, A/Prof Greta Palmer, Prof Andrew Davidson, Prof Franz Babl). The study protocol has been published in BMC Paediatrics.

Cellulitis treatment at Home Or Inpatient in Children presenting to ED (CHOICE)

Many conditions could be treated at home with visiting nurses and doctors, rather than in hospital. As part of a PhD thesis and in collaboration with Hospital-In-The-Home (HITH) and the infectious diseases group at Royal Children's Hospital we are conducting a series of studies to investigate if children with cellulitis can be safely treated with intravenous antibiotics at home. The studies were funded by the Royal Children’s Hospital Foundation. The core paper was published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Further papers include the development of a cellulitis scoring system (ASSET score) published in Pediatrics (led by Dr Laila Ibrahim, Associate Professor Penelope Bryant, and Professor Franz Babl).

Urinary tract infection (UTI CHOICE)

Our understanding of UTIs in children is limited and it is not clear which children require intravenous antibiotics or need to be treated in hospital. As part of a DMedSc thesis and in collaboration with HITH and the infectious diseases group at Royal Children's Hospital we are conducting a series of studies to determine which children with UTI are at increased risk of adverse outcomes (led by Dr Barry Scanlon, A/Prof Penelope Bryant, Prof Franz Babl).

The Take CARe Concussion Assessment and Recovery Research) Study

It is unclear which children with concussion are at increased risk of prolonged post-concussive symptoms. The Take CARe study funded by the Royal Children’s Hospital Foundation is a joint clinical and research project with neuropsychology, neurosurgery sports medicine and rehabilitation medicine to improve the care of children who sustain a concussion and to identify predictors of delayed recovery. The protocol paper and initial results papers were published in the Journal of Neurotrauma and Pediatrics (led by Prof Vicki Anderson, Prof Gavin Davis, A/Prof Peter Barnett, Ms Cathriona Clarke, Dr Michael Takagi, Prof Franz Babl).

Biomarkers Study

Biomarkers in blood and sophisticated neuroimaging may help predict outcomes after traumatic brain injuries. Funded by the Victorian Neurotrauma Initiative/Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation and in collaboration with the Hospital for Sick Kids in Canada, this study attempts to correlate child and family function pre and post head injury and brain-specific proteins in peripheral blood and neuroimaging findings. Initial papers have been published in The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health (led by Professor Jamie Hutchison, Professor Vicki Anderson, and Professor Franz Babl).

SCAT (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool) Study

Diagnostic tools are important to assess concussion in children. With a member of the international Concussion in Sports Group, we validated the SCAT3 and ChildSCAT 3 tests (published in Pediatrics). We are currently validating the updated version of SCAT (SCAT5 and ChildSCAT3) in children (led by Ms Cathriona Clarke, Mr Nicholas Anderson, Professor Gavin Davis, Professor Vicki Anderson, and Professor Franz Babl). Professor Gavin Davis, Professor Vicki Anderson and Professor Franz Babl have collaborated on a systematic review of concussion in children published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine as part of the Berlin consensus work of the Concussion in Sports Group.

Procedural pain and distress

Children undergo many procedures which can cause pain and distress, yet we do not have a good way of measuring this. As part of a PhD thesis, we are investigating how to better measure procedural pain and distress in pre-verbal and early verbal children. This work has led to publications in Pain and the Journal of Pain (led by Associate Professor Dianne Crellin, and Professor Franz Babl).

Brain Attacks

Stroke in children can cause long-term disabilities and can be fatal, yet is often only diagnosed after lengthy delays. Together with the Department of Neurology and funded by the Royal Children’s Hospital Foundation, we aim to better define and identify brain attacks - acute neurological changes, including strokes. Multiple papers have been published by the group in Stroke, Neurology and Annals of Emergency Medicine (led by Associate Professor Mark Mackay, and Professor Franz Babl).

Sepsis research

Sepsis is a major cause of disability and mortality in children. Yet, we do not understand the efficacy of basic interventions, such as fluid bolus therapy. As part of a PhD thesis, we have investigated the use of echocardiography and ultrasound to determine fluid responsiveness in sepsis in children. Resulting papers have been published in Shock, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine Australasia. In addition, we have initiated an improvement process in sepsis in the emergency department (led by Dr Elliot Long, Associate ProfessorEd Oakley, and Professor Franz Babl).

Large multi-centre randomised controlled trials and observational studies

Australian Paediatric Head Injury Rules Study (APHIRST)

Computed tomography (CT) scans of the head provide rapid identification of intracranial injuries but have radiation-related risks and may require sedation in young or uncooperative children. The NHMRC-funded APHIRST study aimed to determine whether children are at high or low risk of intracranial injury after mild head trauma and therefore should or should not undergo a CT scan. 20,000 children presenting to 10 PREDICT EDs with head injury were enrolled and the first papers were published in the Lancet, Pediatrics and Annals of Emergency Medicine. In collaboration with investigators from other countries, we have also been able to use the data set to assess the accuracy of overseas head injury management guidelines (led by Professor F Babl, Dr J Cheek, Associate Professor E Oakley).

APHIRST Gap-Study

APHIRST focussed on children with head injuries seen at hospitals with paediatric emergency departments. Yet the majority of head injured children in Australia and New Zealand are seen outside tertiary centres. In this study funded by an NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence grant, we are investigating management practice for head injuries at non-tertiary hospitals. Results of APHIRST and APHIRST-Gap, together with an ongoing systematic review of the literature, will form the basis for a planned bi-national head injury guideline under the aegis of PREDICT (led by Ms Catherine Wilson, Dr Emma Tavender, Associate Professor Ed Oakley, Professor Franz Babl).

Bronchiolitis Knowledge Translation Study (BronchKT)

Based on a series of PREDICT studies in bronchiolitis funded by three NHMRC project grants and a detailed literature review PREDICT has developed a bi-national guideline for bronchiolitis management endorsed by many relevant professional bodies and published in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. A key recommendation was to reduce interventions proven to be of no benefit. In a subsequent cluster randomised trial at 26 PREDICT sites funded by an NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence grant, we explored two different strategies to reduce such care of no benefit (led by Ms Libby Haskell, Dr Emma Tavender, Ms Catherine Wilson, Professor Stuart Dalziel, A/Prof Ed Oakley, Professor Franz Babl).

Convulsive Status Epilepticus Paediatric Trial (ConSEPT) and seizure studies

If seizures in children do not stop after benzodiazepines it is unknown what drugs should be used to stop ongoing seizures or status epilepticus. In an open-label randomised clinical trial of >200 patients at 10 PREDICT sites we have investigated whether levetiracetam or phenytoin is better at stopping status epilepticus in children. The core paper of this Health Research Council New Zealand funded study was published in The Lancet in 2019 (led by Prof Stuart Dalziel, A/Prof Ed Oakley and Prof Franz Babl). As part of a PhD thesis, we have also conducted a series of studies to explore research priorities and consent in seizure research with papers published in BMC Medical Ethics and Seizure (led by A/Professor Jeremy Furyk, Professor Franz Babl).

Bell’s Palsy in Children (BellPIC)

In contrast to adults, where steroids have been shown to improve outcomes in idiopathic facial palsy or Bell’s palsy, it is unclear if steroids should be used in children. We are conducting an NHMRC-funded double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial at 11 PREDICT sites to investigate whether prednisolone is better than placebo in improving facial nerve function at 1 month. The protocol paper has been published in BMC Pediatrics (led by A/Professor Sandy Hopper, A/Professor Ed Oakley, Dr John Cheek and Professor Franz Babl).

Predicting Infectious Complications in Children with Cancer (PICNICC)

Children with cancer often present with fever while they are neutropaenic. While they are traditionally admitted to hospital on intravenous antibiotics children at low risk of serious bacterial infection could be treated at home. In collaboration with the oncology and infectious disease service and the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre/Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, we are conducting a series of studies at PREDICT hospitals to risk stratify >800 neutropaenic febrile children and develop low-risk pathways for home care (funded by NHMRC).

Initial papers investigating existing clinical decision rules for risk stratification have been published in the British Journal of Cancer, Journal of Paediatric Child Health and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. A National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) funded implementation study will be conducted across multiple PREDICT sites (led by Dr Gabrielle Haeusler, Professor Karin Thursky, and Professor Franz Babl).

High-Flow studies (Pediatric Acute Respiratory Intervention Study (PARIS)

The role of nasal cannula high-flow therapy in children with respiratory failure is evolving. In a collaboration with the Paediatric Critical Care Research Group, the University of Queensland, and the PREDICT network we are conducting a series of multicentre randomised controlled trials to clarify the role of high-flow nasal cannula therapy. A first randomised controlled trial of >1400 children into the use of high flow in bronchiolitis funded by NHMRC has been published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2018. A second multi-centre randomised controlled trial of its use in asthma and pneumonia funded by NHMRC is ongoing (led by Dr Donna Franklin, Professor Andreas Schibler, and Professor Franz Babl).

Pediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) Bronchiolitis Study 

Bronchiolitis is the most frequent reason for admission in infants. In collaboration with 38 hospitals within the PERN network, we are investigating variability in bronchiolitis care across countries and determining factors that place infants at increased risk of severe outcomes. Initial results of >3000 patients with bronchiolitis have been published in Pediatrics and Lancet Child and Adolescent Health (led by Dr Susanne Schuh. Professor Franz Babl).

Pediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN) Pneumonia Study

Pneumonia is a frequent reason for emergency department presentations and is associated with high mortality in developing countries. In collaboration with more than 100 hospitals worldwide within the PERN network, we are investigating which children are at increased risk of severe outcomes (led by Dr Todd Florin, Professor Nate Kuppermann; local lead Professor Franz Babl).

Asthma outcomes study

It is unclear how to best treat acute severe asthma in children and care varies widely. Led by Monash University in a collaboration between PREDICT and PERN we will explore what the key outcomes in studies in acute severe asthma should be. This project is part of a PhD thesis and will likely set the global standard for future interventional studies (led by Professor Simon Craig and Professor Franz Babl).

Million Mind

There has been an alarming increase in the number of children and adolescents presenting to emergency departments with concerns relating to mental health such as self-harm, depression and behavioural disturbance.  The Million Minds project provides an opportunity to work out why this is happening and how we can improve care for children and adolescents presenting with acute mental health problems.  The research, to be conducted with multiple hospitals across the PREDICT network will include an exploration of factors that influence how staff care for these patients, a Delphi prioritisation study, a multicentre retrospective of current practice and clinical outcomes and multicentre randomised medication trials for oral and intramuscular sedative agents to determine the optimal drugs for acute severe behavioural disturbance.  This body of work is funded by an MRFF Million Minds call (led by Professor Simon Craig and Professor Franz Babl).

Study of Neck Injury Imaging in Children (SONIC)

Improving the Diagnosis of Spinal Cord, Bone and Ligament Injuries: Many children sustain head and neck trauma during their lifetime.  Significant neck injuries - to the spinal cord, neck bones and connecting ligaments - can be identified by performing neck imaging with x-rays, or if needed, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.  Yet, it is unclear when children should receive neck imaging in the emergency department (ED), especially with increasing concerns about radiation-induced cancer in children and the discomfort and delays of immobilisation prior to imaging. 

This study aims to: (i) investigate the accuracy of existing CDRs to detect neck injuries in children (external validation) of adult focussed CDRs and the newly developed paediatric PECARN CDR and (ii) derive and validate a new CDR for neck imaging in children (the SONIC CDR). The study will be conducted at PREDICT sites in Australia and New Zealand.  We will collaborate with the PECARN team led by Dr Julie Leonard from the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio, USA, who is leading the validation of the PECARN neck injury rule in the USA. Funded by an MRFF grant (led by Dr Natalie Phillips and Professor Franz Babl).

PRagMatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced versus NOrmaL Saline FlUid in Sepsis (PRoMPT-BOLUS)

Sepsis is one of the most common causes of multiple organ dysfunction and death in children and is recognised as an urgent global public health problem.  One of the key research questions is the optimal type of fluid to use in paediatric sepsis.  We know that all crystalloid fluids help to reverse shock and children admitted with suspected sepsis routinely receive fluid resuscitation in the emergency department, onwards and in the intensive care unit.

Unfortunately, the most effective and safest crystalloid fluid to use for initial resuscitation of septic shock has not yet been established.  PRoMPT BOLUS (PRagMatic Pediatric Trial of Balanced versus NormaL Saline Fluid in Sepsis) is a large pragmatic randomised trial comparing Normal Saline and Balanced Fluids e.g. Lactated Ringer's or PlasmaLyte in children with suspected sepsis.  The trial is embedded within everyday clinical practice and provides a cost-efficient and generalisable method of informing best practice. 

This is an international study led by the PECARN network in the United States that also involves the Australian & New Zealand PREDICT network.  The study has been endorsed by the Australian College of Emergency Medicine Clinical Trials Network (AC EMCTN0005) and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Paediatric Study Group (PSG1920-02).  Funded by an MRFF grant (led by A/Professor Elliot Long and Professor Franz Babl).

• PRoMPT-BOLUS Study
  
  

PREDICT Australian and New Zealand Guideline for Mild to Moderate Head Injuries in Children

Children frequently present with head injuries to acute care settings. Led by PREDICT (Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative), a multidisciplinary working group has developed the first Australian and New Zealand guideline for mild-to-moderate head injuries in children.  Addressing 33 key clinical questions, it contains 71 recommendations and an imaging/observation algorithm. The Guideline provides evidence-based, locally applicable, practical clinical guidance for the care of children with mild-to-moderate head injuries presenting to acute care settings.

• PREDICT Emergency Medicine Australasia Guidelines

Funding

• National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
• Medical Research Futures Fund (MRFF)
• Health Research Council of New Zealand
• Royal Children's Hospital Foundation
• Murdoch Children's Research Institute
• A+ Trust Research Grant
• Auckland Medical Research Foundation
• Perpetual Philanthropic Services
• Queensland Emergency Medicine Research Foundation
• Victorian Managed Insurance Authority
• Foundation for Children
• National Stroke Foundation
• Collier Charitable Fund
• Victorian Neurotrauma Initiative
• Angior Foundation
• Shepherd Foundation
• Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation
• Perpetual Trustees
• Perth Children's Foundation
• Practice Research and Education Trust Fund
• Princess Margaret Hospital Foundation
• Thrasher Foundation
• Townsville Hospital and Health Service
• University of Queensland
• Victor Smorgon Charitable Fund
• Victorian Neurotrauma Initiative
• Victorian Managed Insurance Authority
• WA Health Targeted Research Fund

Collaborations

PREDICT

• Canberra Hospital (ACT)
• Children’s Hospital Westmead (NSW)
• Gold Coast University Hospital (QLD)
• John Hunter Hospital (NSW)
• Kidzfirst Hospital (NZ)
• Queensland Children’s Hospital (QLD)
• Monash Medical Centre (VIC)
• Perth Children's Hospital (WA)
• Royal Children’s Hospital (VIC)
• Starship Children's Hospital (NZ)
• Sunshine Hospital (VIC)
• Sydney Children’s Hospital (NSW)
• Townsville Hospital (QLD)
• Women’s and Children’s Hospital (SA)

Other associations

• Advanced Paediatric Life Support 
• Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 
• Australian Clinical Trials Alliance 
• Children's Health Care Australasia 
• Don't Forget the Bubbles
• Emergency Care Institute
• Murdoch Children's Research Institute
• Neurosurgery, Austin Health
• Emergency Medicine Foundation 
  
  

International

• Pediatric Emergency Research Networks (PERN)
• Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC)
• Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
• Paediatric Emergency Research United Kingdom & Ireland (PERUKI)
• Research in European Paediatric Emergency Medicine (REPEM)

Featured publications

• Franklin D, Babl FE, Neutze J, Craig S, Oakley E, Furyk J, Frampton CM, Hasan N, Pham TM, Miller L, Fraser JF, Dalziel SR, Schibler A; A Pediatric Acute Respiratory Intervention Study (PARIS) on behalf of PREDICT. Predictors of Intensive Care Admission in Hypoxemic Bronchiolitis Infants, Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial.  J Pediatr. 2022 Dec 14:S0022-3476(22)01122-2. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.12.006. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36528052.
  
  
• Gray CS, Xu Y, Babl FE, Dalziel S, Powell CVE, Chong SL, Roland D, Lyttle MD, Fernandes RM, Benito J, Johnson M, Yock-Corrales A, Santhanam I, Schuh S, Cheema B, Couper J, Craig S; Pediatric Emergency Research Network (PERN). International perspective on research priorities and outcome measures of importance in the care of children with acute exacerbations of asthma: a qualitative interview study. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023 Feb;10(1):e001502. Doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001502. PMID: 36849194; PMCID: PMC9972434.
  
  
• Franklin D, Babl FE, George S, Oakley E, Borland ML, Neutze J, Acworth J, Craig S, Jones M, Gannon B, Shellshear D, McCay H, Wallace A, Hoeppner T, Wildman M, Mattes J, Pham TMT, Miller L, Williams A, O'Brien S, Lawrence S, Bonisch M, Gibbons K, Moloney S, Waugh J, Hobbins S, Grew S, Fahy R, Dalziel SR, Schibler A. Effect of Early High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Standard Oxygen Therapy on Length of Hospital Stay in Hospitalized Children With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The PARIS-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023 Jan 17;329(3):224-234. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.21805. PMID: 36648469; PMCID: PMC9856857.
  
  
• Pfeiffer CK, Mackay MT, Long E, Stephens D, Dalziel SR, Babl FE, Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT).  Parenteral Long-Acting Antiseizure Medications Are Used More Often to Treat Seizure Clusters Than Convulsive Status Epilepticus in the Pediatric Emergency Department. JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY: 8830738221077751 (2022).

• Bourke EM, Knott JC, Craig S, Babl FE; Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) Research Network. Management of paediatric acute severe behavioural disturbance in emergency departments across Australia: A PREDICT survey of senior medical staff. Emerg Med Australas. 2022 Nov 3. Doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14105. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36328402.
  
  
• Singh S, Babl FE, Huang L, Hearps S, Cheek JA, Hoch JS, Anderson V, Dalziel K. Paediatric traumatic brain injury severity and acute care costs. Arch Dis Child. 2022 May;107(5):497-499. Doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322966. Epub 2021 Nov 19. PMID: 34799376. 
  
  
• Long E, Babl FE, Phillips N, Craig S, Zhang M, Kochar A, McCaskill M, Borland ML, Slavin MA. Phillips R, De A Lourenco R, Michinaud F, Thursky KA, Haeusler G, Australian PICNICC Study Group and the PREDICT Network. Prevalence and predictors of poor outcome in children with febrile neutropaenia presenting to the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia (2022) 34, 786–793. Doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13978. 
  
  
• Borland ML, Dalziel SR, Phillips N, Dalton S, Lyttle MD, Bressan S, Oakley E, Kochar A, Furyk J, Cheek JA, Neutze J, Eapen N, Hearps SJ, Rausa VC, Babl FE; Paediatric Research in Emergency Department International Collaborative (PREDICT) group.
  Incidence of traumatic brain injuries in head-injured children with seizures. Emerg Med Australas. 2022 Nov 2. Doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14112. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36323396. 
  
  
• O'Brien S, Haskell L, Schembri R, Gill FJ, Wilson S, Borland ML, Oakley E, Dalziel SR; Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) network, Australasia. Prevalence of high flow nasal cannula therapy use for management of infants with bronchiolitis in Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022 Dec;58(12):2230-2235. Doi: 10.1111/jpc.16199. Epub 2022 Sep 6. PMID: 36066264. 
  
  
• Furyk JS, George S, Phillips N, Emeto TI, Watt K, O'Brien S, Riney K, Wilson C, Hearps SJ, Borland ML, Dalziel SR, Babl FE; on behalf of the Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Status Epilepticus Australasian Registry for Children: A pilot prospective, observational, cohort study of paediatric status epilepticus. Emerg Med Australas. 2022 Apr 25. Doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13988. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35466541. 

• Dalziel SR, Haskell L, O'Brien S, Borland ML, Plint AC, Babl FE, Oakley E. Bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2022 Jul 30;400(10349):392-406. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01016-9. Epub 2022 Jul 1. PMID: 35785792. 

• Babl FE, Herd D, Borland M, Kochar A, Lawton B, Hort J, West A, George S, Zhang M, Velusamy K, Sullivan F, Oakley E, Davidson A, Hopper SM, Cheek JA, Berkowitz R, Hearps S, Wilson CL, Williams A, Elborough H, Legg D, Pharm B, Mackay MT, Lee KJ, Dalziel SR; Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Efficacy of Prednisolone for Bell Palsy in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Neurology. 2022 Aug 25:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201164. Doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000201164. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36008143. PubMed

• Ramsden V, Middleton S, McInnes E, Babl FE, Tavender E. Review article: A primer for clinical researchers in the emergency department: Part XII. Sustainability of improvements in care: An introduction. Emerg Med Australas. 2022 Aug 2. Doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.14052. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35918063.

• Pfeiffer CK, Mackay MT, Long E, Stephens D, Dalziel SR, Babl FE, Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Parenteral Long-Acting Antiseizure Medications Are Used More Often to Treat Seizure Clusters Than Convulsive Status Epilepticus in the Pediatric Emergency Department. JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY: 8830738221077751(2022).

• Pfeiffer CK, Smith K, Bernard S, Dalziel SR, Hearps S, Geis T, Kabesch M, Babl FE, PREDICT network. Prehospital benzodiazepine use and need for respiratory support in paediatric seizures. Emergency medicine journal: EMJ (2022).