Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo)
VIRGo has been in place for over 20 years and has the largest and longest-standing child and adolescent vaccine research and clinical trials program in Australia.
Our focus
Our vaccine research provides evidence to inform the real-world delivery of vaccine programs to children and young people.
Under the leadership of Professor Margie Danchin, a paediatrician and vaccine researcher with over 20 years of experience, VIRGo conducts vaccine and immunisation research through new vaccine clinical trials.
Our goal is to improve the health of children in Victoria and Australia by protecting them against vaccine-preventable diseases. We aim to raise awareness about the importance of childhood immunisation and facilitate access to new vaccines through delivery of new vaccine clinical trials.
Research by VIRGo advises policymakers on the optimal use of vaccines for pandemic influenza preparedness and response, and how to improve vaccine confidence, safety, and effectiveness uptake. Our work also informs the National Immunisation Program (NIP).
We are part of the Melbourne Children’s Campus, co-located at The Royal Children’s Hospital. We conduct research in healthy children and young people, as well as in priority groups who are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases.
Clinical Trials
Our work draws on three decades of clinical trial experience to explore effectiveness, antibody responses and the safety of new vaccines in standard or novel schedules.
Findings have been vital for the licensure of several vaccines now in widespread use in Australia and around the world.
VIRGo engages in both industry-sponsored and investigator-initiated (with funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in Australia) clinical trials in pregnancy, neonates, infancy, childhood and adolescence.
Our researchers have evaluated vaccines classified as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), live-attenuated intranasal vaccines, as well as oral and conventional vaccines.
The VIRGo team comprises a highly experienced and dedicated group of paediatricians, research nurses, authorised immunisation practitioners, and administrative professionals.
We pioneered the use of a home-based recruitment and research model using mobile teams of research staff to make participation in trials easier for families.
We also conduct trial visits at the Melbourne Children’s Trials Centre (MCTC) – a dedicated and accredited state-of-the-art centre on the Melbourne Children’s Campus.
Ethics
All research in Australia involving humans is reviewed by an independent group of people called a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) to make sure research is conducted responsibly and ethically. All HRECs follow the guidelines outlined in the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2025).
Join a study
Vaccine research is made possible by the commitment of families who value improving child health.
To find out more, or if you are interested in learning about our upcoming trials, please email show email address or call show phone number
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Our projects
Pneumococcal vaccine study in infants
Researchers from MCRI are conducting an important study investigating a new vaccine to prevent pneumococcal disease in young children. Pneumococcal disease is caused by a type of bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is a major cause of infection in the ears, sinuses, blood, lungs (pneumonia) or brain (meningitis).
Read more...Past projects
CMV Vaccine Study
The Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo) at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne ran a clinical research study with healthy females aged 16 to 40 years to study an investigational Cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine. CMV is a contagious virus that is a major health concern around the world. It can affect people of all age groups, however, unborn babies are at greater risk of serious illness and lifelong disability if their mother has her first CMV infection during pregnancy. This clinical research study evaluated the effectiveness of an investigational CMV vaccine in females of childbearing age.
RSV-Prem Study
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common virus that can cause serious respiratory illness in infants and young children. The study evaluated how effective a new medication (called MEDI8897) is at preventing serious respiratory illness caused by RSV in preterm infants.
Meningococcal vaccine study in adults
The Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo) conducted a research study on a vaccine against meningococcal type A,C,W,Y infections in healthy adults between 18 and 40 years. This study compared the body’s ability to produce antibodies against the study vaccines, as well as the safety of a new liquid formulation of the MenACWY vaccine with a registered MenACWY vaccine.
Other projects
- Quadrivalent cell culture inactivated influenza vaccine Phase III/IV
- RSV adenovirus vectored vaccine Phase I/IIa
- Pneumococcal vaccine 15vPCV Phase III
- Rotavirus vaccines and possible reduced incidence of Type 1 Diabetes
- Data linkage, and statewide perinatal data studies on maternal pertussis vaccine (Tdap) uptake and effectiveness against infant pertussis
- Meningococcus MenABCWY Phase IIICOVID (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines Phase II
- Meningococcus MenABCWY Phase III (prior MenACWY)
- Pregnancy RSV vaccine Phase III
- RSV Live-attenuated vaccine Phase II
- Pertussis Live-attenuated vaccine Phase I/II
- Pertussis novel acellular, novel adjuvant
- SARS-COV-2 RBD recombinant protein and mRNA, Phase I (adults, elderly)
- SARS-COV-2 RBD mRNA, Phase II (children and adolescents)
The Vaccine and Immunisation Group (VIRGo) is frequently engaging in new clinical trials which will be listed once recruiting.
VIRGo engages in both industry-sponsored and investigator-initiated (with funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) in Australia) clinical trials in pregnancy, neonates, infancy, childhood and adolescence.
Featured publications
- Wang B,Andraweera P, Danchin M, Blyth CC, Vlaev I, Ong JJ, Dodd J, Couper J, Sullivan TR, Cuthbert AR, Rak A, Herewane K, Paparo L, Karnon J, Spurrier N, Cusack M, Mordaunt D, Simatos D, Dekker G, Carlson S, Tuckerman J, Wood N, Whop L, Marshall HS. Nudging towards COVID-19 and influenza vaccination in children with medically at-risk conditions. J Public Health (Oxf). 2025 Aug 6:fdaf097.
- AndraweeraPH, Wang B, Danchin M, Blyth CC, Vlaev I, Ong JJ, Dodd J, Couper J, Sullivan TR, Cuthbert AR, Karnon J, Spurrier N, Cusack M, Mordaunt D, Simatos D, Dekker G, Carlson S, Tuckerman J, Wood N, Whop L, Koch J, Herewane K, Pidd D, Rak A, Marshall HS. Randomised controlled trials of behavioural nudges delivered through text messages to increase influenza and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among pregnant women (EPIC study) in Australia. Vaccine. 2025 Jul 9;62:127477.
- Hart JD,Kailawadoko J, Williams T, Mani J, Malo I, Cua T, Caltabiano N, Voss J, Azzopardi K, Parnaby MG, Autar S, Chand K, Lagilagi L, Paka J, Rafai E, Kado J, FrostH, Steer AC.Clinical decision rules for diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes sore throat in Fiji: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2025 Dec 6;65:101763. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101763. eCollection 2025 Dec.PMID: 41451404
- Nolan TM,Deliyannis G, Griffith M, Braat S, Allen LF, Audsley J, Chung AW, Ciula M, Gherardin NA, Giles ML, Gordon TP, Grimley SL, Horng L, Jackson DC, Juno JA, Kedzierska K, Kent SJ, Lewin SR, Littlejohn M, McQuilten HA, Mordant FL, Nguyen THO, Soo VP, Price B, Purcell DFJ, Ramanathan P, Redmond SJ, Rockman S, Ruan Z, Sasadeusz J, Simpson JA, Subbarao K, Fabb SA, Payne TJ, Takanashi A, Tan CW, Torresi J, Wang JJ, Wang LF, Al-Wassiti H, Wong CY, Zaloumis S, Pouton CW, Godfrey DI. Interim results from a phase I randomized, placebo-controlled trial of novel SARS-CoV-2 beta variant receptor-binding domain recombinant protein and mRNA vaccines as a 4th dose booster. EBioMedicine. 2023 Dec;98:104878. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104878. Epub 2023 Nov 27. PMID: 38016322; PMCID: PMC10696466.
- Steffens MS, Bullivant B, Kaufman J, King C, Danchin M, Hoq M, Marques MD. Testing persuasive messages about booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines on intention to vaccinate in Australian adults: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS 2023 Jun 2;18(6):e0286799
- Tuckerman J, Harper K, Sullivan TR, Cuthbert AR, Fereday J, Couper J, Smith N, Tai A, Kelly A, Couper R, Friswell M, Flood L, Blyth CC, Danchin M, Marshall HS. Short Message Service Reminder Nudge for Parents and Influenza Vaccination Uptake in Children and Adolescents With Special Risk Medical Conditions: The Flutext-4U Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 Feb 20.
- Middleton BF, Danchin M, Jones MA, Leach AJ, Cunliffe N, Kirkwood CD, Carapetis J, Gallagher S, Kirkham LA, Granland C, McNeal M, Marsh JA, Waddington CS, Snelling TL. Immunogenicity of a third scheduled dose of Rotarix in Australian Indigenous infants: a phase IV, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis. 2022 Feb 4:jiac
- O'Grady KF, Chang AB, Cripps A, Mulholland EK, Smith-Vaughan H, Wood N, Danchin M, Thornton R, Wilson A, Torzillo PJ, Morris PM, Richmond P, Rablin S, Arnold D, Connor A, Goyal V, Stoney T, Perrett K, Grimwood K. The clinical, immunological and microbiological impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal-Protein D conjugate vaccine in children with recurrent protracted bacterial bronchitis, chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis: A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(11):2768-2779
- Bines JE, Danchin M, Jackson P, Handley A, Watts E, Lee KJ, West A, Cowley D, Chen MY, Barnes GL, Justice F, Buttery JP, Carlin JB, Bishop RF, Taylor B, Kirkwood CD; RV3 Rotavirus Vaccine Program. Safety and immunogenicity of RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine administered at birth or in infancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Dec;15(12):1389-97
Vaccine Uptake/Strategy
- Kaufman J, Steffens MS, Vidmar S,BolsewiczKT, Leask J, Christou-Ergos M, Sabahelzain M, Boxall J, Danchin M. Association of access and acceptance barriers with under- and non-vaccination of children <5 years in Australia: A national cross-sectional survey of parents. Public Health. 2026 Jan;250:106082.
- Bolsewicz, KT., Steffens, MS., Christou-Ergos, M.,Sabahelzain, MM, Danchin, M., Kaufman, J. & Leask, J., 2026. “Every time I had to pay $50, it was adding up, but there was no option”: A qualitative study with parents and primary caregivers in Australia on barriers to timely childhood vaccination. Vaccine: X 2026, 100797, 2590-1362