International Child Health
High quality healthcare for newborns, children, and adolescents living in low-income, marginalised, or otherwise disadvantaged communities.
Each year, over five million children die from preventable causes in the world, and most of these deaths occur in poor countries and vulnerable populations in the Asia-Pacific and African region.
We are working towards a world where every child receives the care they need to thrive, health workers are motivated and supported, and communities are empowered to drive positive change.
Our approach
We are working to increase recognition of and improve care for treatable and preventable diseases in newborns, children, and adolescents. To achieve this, we develop equitable collaborations with global, national, and local partners across the spectrum - from advocacy and policy development to improved practice and evidence generation.
Priority program areas
- Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and child lung disease
- Oxygen and respiratory care for children and newborns
- Essential paediatric emergency and critical care
- Learning health systems
- Refugee child health
Our work involves research, capacity development, and translation of evidence to policy and practice, recognising that our greatest impact is through equitable partnerships with local teams.
Focus areas
- Research to understand and improve care of newborns, children and adolescents: focussing on critical illness, respitory disease, tuberculosis, and refugee health.
- Developing capacity for stronger leadership, research, teaching and learning: focussing on participatory use of local data to effect change.
- Translation of research evidence into policy and practice: focussing on standards and guidelines, education strategies, knowledge translation and learning health systems.
Our team
The International Child Health group includes globally recognised leaders in education, research, public health, and quality of care for low-income and disadvantaged communities in Australia, our region, and globally.
We are passionate about global health equity, amplifying the voices of communities and researchers in less wealthy countries and humanitarian crises, and promoting equitable research partnerships and meaningful capacity development.
More information
Group Leaders
Team Leaders
Group Members
Our projects
COMPLETED - Oxygen Access Study
Developing and testing better ways to get life-saving oxygen to patients when they need it.
Read more...We conduct collaborative research, education, and policy work in the following priority areas.
Oxygen and respiratory care
Contact: Dr Hamish Graham
Oxygen is an essential medicine that is poorly available to six percent of the world’s population. We develop low-cost solutions to expand oxygen access, including the Papua New Guinea, Laos, and Nigerian Oxygen implementation projects. We led the Lancet Global Health Commission on Medical Oxygen (2025), and support guideline development for WHO and national governments.
Safe oxygen for newborns
Contact: Dr Shiraz Badurdeen
Oxygen is life-saving for many newborns, with 1 in 10 newborns requiring respiratory support to transition into post-partum life. However, too much oxygen can be harmful to pre-term and asphyxiated newborns, causing death and irreversible blindness.
We are innovating to find safer ways to deliver oxygen to vulnerable newborns, including through automated oxygen delivery and the Universal Safe Oxygen for Newborns (UNISON) consortium.
Essential emergency and critical care
Contact: Dr Rami Subhi
In sub-Saharan Africa, 30 percent of hospitalized children have critical illness and their risk of dying is more than six times that of other hospitalized children.
Most of these deaths occur in the first 48 hours from three treatable common conditions - pneumonia, sepsis and malaria - and could be prevented using existing technologies and treatments. We are using participatory approaches to improve recognition and response to deterioration and prevent deaths.
Child pneumonia: protect, prevent, treat
Contact: Professor Trevor Duke (clinical guidelines); Eleanor Neal (PCV vaccines); Dr Shidan Tosif (influenza/pandemics)
Respiratory infections are the world’s biggest infectious killer contributing to 2.5 million deaths, including 600,000 child deaths, every year. We are researching better ways to prevent pneumonia and treat those who are unwell, including for pandemic response.
We have led development of WHO pneumonia guidelines, including the evidence synthesis for the most recent update. We are improving pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) schedules with epidemiological surveillance and modelling, and supporting national and global policies with cost-effectiveness analyses, and synthesis of global evidence.
Child and adolescent tuberculosis
Contact: Professor Stephen Graham
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease globally, particularly common in poor and marginalised populations, with most cases occurring in the Asia-Pacific region. TB in children and adolescents is common but neglected. Multi-drug-resistant TB is increasingly common. We collaborate with WHO Global TB Program, and research institutions and TB programmes in Asia-Pacific and Africa.
Our projects improve the detection, treatment and prevention of TB in children and adolescents, in Australia, PNG, Vietnam, Indonesia, Uganda, Mongolia and Laos. We play a leading role in advocacy and translation to address the wide policy-practice gap and develop child-friendly treatments. Co-chaired update of WHO guidelines in 2021.
Immigrant and refugee child health
Contact: Dr Georgie Paxton
Australia settles approximately 20,000 refugee arrivals each year; more than half are children or young people, from diverse countries and humanitarian crises. There are also many people in Australia seeking asylum, and Australian immigration policy has substantial effects on the health of this group. Our team works across clinical care, education, policy and research in refugee health.
Our clinician-researchers are involved in developing guidelines and contributing to policy at the local, state and federal levels. Areas of work include immunisation, national refugee health screening guidelines, asylum seeker health, vitamin D deficiency and addressing learning problems in refugee children.
Quality of care measurement and tools
Contact: Professor Trevor Duke (clinical guidelines); Dr Alicia Quach (quality of care tools and effective coverage measurement)
Low coverage and quality of essential health services contribute to around half of child deaths globally. Reflecting our group’s strong focus on equity and quality of services, we are working to improve how we measure and track coverage and quality of health services and develop tools for improvement.
We support the World Health Organization through initiatives such as the Pocketbook of Hospital Care for Children, guidelines on Quality Standards, Paediatric Quality Assessment Tools, and technical manual for Measuring and Monitoring Effective Coverage.
Child health in Papua New Guinea (PNG)
Contact: Professor Trevor Duke
Multiple projects building capacity in research, public health, clinical care, and leadership in PNG - through grants and technical support to enable fellows to research priority areas of child health, take part in continuing professional development and develop health policy.
The program has supported in PNG:
- Training of over 50 paediatricians
- PNG National Child and Adolescent Health Plan (2021-2030)
- A national surveillance system for paediatric illnesses
- Publication of annual reports of Child Morbidity and Mortality
- Training of 300 nurses and other health care workers in hospital care for children
- Support to a newly established child health nursing course in Solomon Islands.
Child health in Laos PDR
Contact: Dr Amy Gray
Implementation of evidence-based, quality health care for sick children can significantly improve outcomes and build capacity among health workers in resource-limited settings. Medical education and evaluation of implementation are critical steps in improving the quality of care.
Since 2015, we have collaborated with paediatricians, World Health Organization (WHO), Save the Children, and the Ministry of Health in Laos to improve the quality of care for children.
Interventions have focused on district hospitals including the implementation of clinical guidelines; affordable oxygen systems; improved essential newborn care; and the development of training and evaluation tools and methods to monitor and report hospital data.
Funding
Our work has been supported by diverse funding sources.
- Research grants: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF): Swedish Research Council; Australian Respiratory Council European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)
- Philanthropic grants: Gates Foundation; Grand Challenges Canada; John Burge Trust; Norman Beischer Foundation, RCH Foundation
- Government: Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) Victorian Department of Health (DOH)
- Other: Save the Children
- Unicef: World Health Organization
Collaborations
We value equitable, impact-oriented partnerships with diverse local and global partners.
UN agencies
- World Health Organization (Geneva, SEARO, WPRO, EMRO)
- Unicef
- Unitaid
Academic
- University of Sydney
- Menzies School of Health Research; University of Tasmania; Burnet Institute; Kirby Institute; icddr’b (Bangladesh)
- University of Papua New Guinea; Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia)
- University of Health Sciences (Lao PDR)
- University of Ibadan / University College Hospital Ibadan (Nigeria)
- University College London (UK)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Munich (Germany)
- University of Bordeaux (France)
- University of Stellenbosch (South Africa)
- Karolinska Institute (Sweden)
- Makarere University (Uganda)
National institutions
- NCDC Mongolia
- Woolcock Institute (Viet Nam)
- NTLP Uganda
- National TB program (Uganda, Papua New Guinea)
Other non-governmental
- Save the Children (UK/Nigeria/Australia)
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
- International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union)
- Mongolian Coalition Against Tuberculosis
- Asian Development Bank
Featired publications
Graham HR, King C, Rahman AE, Kitutu FE, Greenslade L, Aqeel M, Baker T, Brito LFM, Campbell H, Czischke K, English M, Falade AG, Garcia PJ, Gil M, Graham SM, Gray AZ, Howie SRC, Kissoon N, Laxminarayan R, Li Lin I, Lipnick MS, Lowe DB, Lowrance D, McCollum ED, Mvalo T, Oliwa J, Swartling Peterson S, Workneh RS, Zar HJ, El Arifeen S, Ssengooba F. Reducing global inequities in medical oxygen access: the Lancet Global Health Commission on medical oxygen security. Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Mar;13(3):e528-e584. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00496-0. Epub 2025 Feb 17. Erratum in: Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Apr;13(4):e625. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00101-9. PMID: 39978385; PMCID: PMC11865010.
Subhi R, McLeod L, Ayede AI, Dedeke IO, Risikat Q, Akanbi AR, Fasasi AB, Bakare AA, Adeniyi OH, Akinrinoye O, Adeigbe O, Dargaville GF, Walker P, Grobler AC, Mosebolatan O, Badurdeen S, Gale TJ, Falade AG, Dargaville PA, Graham HR. Automated oxygen control for preterm infants receiving continuous positive airway pressure in southwest Nigeria: an open-label, randomised, crossover trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Feb;13(2):e246-e255. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00458-3. PMID: 39890225.
Subhi R, Burhin M, Lam F, Webster H, Drucker E, Kamuntu Y, Kunihira B, Fashanu C, Nwidae L, Onuoha M, Gilbert S, Viengsakhone L, Sompasong P, Oui S, Gove K, Sokha N, Ntihabose C, Mushumbamwiza H, Kayitesi C, Lu L, Donzo VL, Bikila D, Tezera H, Yaregal A, Sogbesan A, Falade AG, Bakare AA, Muramuzi D, Kitutu FE, Ssengooba F, King C, Graham HR; MOXY Consortium. Medical oxygen service readiness and service coverage in seven countries in Africa and Asia: a cross-sectional survey and clinical audit. Lancet Glob Health. 2025 Oct;13(10):e1701-e1714. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(25)00328-6. PMID: 40975078.
Duke T. International child health and humanitarian agencies: a short history of the last century and reflections on the era to come. Arch Dis Child. 2025 Nov 20:archdischild-2025-329548. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2025-329548. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41249011.
Martinez L, Seddon JA, Horsburgh CR, Lange C, Mandalakas AM; TB Contact Studies Consortium. Effectiveness of preventive treatment among different age groups and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis of contact tracing studies. Lancet Respir Med. 2024 Aug;12(8):633-641. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00083-3. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38734022; PMCID: PMC12061052.
Tosif S, Graham H, Kiang K, Laemmle-Ruff I, Heenan R, Smith A, et al. (2023) Health of children who experienced Australian immigration detention. PLoS ONE 18(3): e0282798.
Graham HR, Minhas RS, Paxton G. Learning Problems in Children of Refugee Background: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics. 2016 Jun;137(6):e20153994. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3994. PMID: 27194628.
Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Childhood Illnesses. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. PMID: 24006557.
Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the Management of Tuberculosis in Children. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. PMID: 24999516.