International Child Health
We address the major treatable and preventable diseases that affect populations in the Asia-Pacific with a focus on equity and the health professionals and systems which deliver care.
Each year, over five million children die from preventable causes in the world, and most of these deaths occur in poor countries and vulnerable populations in the Asia-Pacific and African region.
Our group is working to increase recognition of and improve care for treatable and preventable diseases in newborns, children, and adolescents. To achieve this, we engage with global, regional and national partners across the spectrum, from advocacy and policy development to improved practice and evidence generation.
We support health care providers and researchers in low and middle-income countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, in capacity building through research collaboration and technical assistance.
Our group includes global leaders in the prevention and management of pneumonia, invasive bacterial disease, tuberculosis and newborn care, as well as national leaders in providing immigrant and refugee health care.
Our focus
A major focus is the improvement of standards in facility and community-based care for the management and prevention of common diseases in newborns, children, and adolescents.
Our major impact
- Improving clinical care and outcomes for newborns, infants and children in resource-limited settings through health systems strengthening, education and implementation research.
- Child pneumonia management and oxygen systems strengthening.
- Improving detection, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis.
- Strengthening services for immigrant and refugee health in Australia.
More information

Our projects
Oxygen access and improved oxygen systems
Oxygen therapy is a life-saving therapy that is used for millions of patients every day–from newborns to adults with respiratory distress and pneumonia, for emergency care, perinatal care or anaesthesia. However, many patients in low- and middle-income countries do not receive oxygen when they need it. The COVID pandemic has starkly highlighted the deficiencies and the need. Clinicians and researchers on the Melbourne Children’s campus have been working with partners to address oxygen access for over a decade - in PNG, Laos, and Nigeria - developing and testing strategies to improve oxygen systems and access.
Caring for newborns and babies born too soon
In the Western Pacific, nine in every 1,000 newborns die in their first month of life, and almost two million are born too early. Improving care during birth and after a baby is born can be life-saving. We are implementing Early Essential Newborn Care interventions in countries in the region, such as in the Solomon Islands.
Quality health care and education in Laos
Implementation of evidence-based, quality health care for sick children can significantly improve outcomes and build capacity among health workers in resource-limited settings. Medical education and evaluation of implementation are critical steps in improving quality of care. Since 2015, we have collaborated with paediatricians, WHO, Save the Children, and the Ministry of Health in Laos to improve the quality of care for children. Interventions have focused on district hospitals including: implementation of clinical guidelines; affordable oxygen systems; improved essential newborn care; and development of training and evaluation tools and methods to monitor and report hospital data.
Refugee child health and advocacy
Australia settles 13,750 refugee arrivals each year; more than half are children or young people, with new arrivals from Afghanistan in 2021. There are also many people in Australia seeking asylum, and Australian immigration policy has substantial effects on the health of this group. Our team works across clinical care, education, policy and research in refugee health. Our clinician-researchers are involved in developing guidelines and contributing to policy at the local, state and federal level. Areas of work include immunisation, national refugee health screening guidelines, asylum seeker health, vitamin D deficiency and addressing learning problems in refugee children.
Pneumonia updates
In 2021, led a series of systematic and scoping reviews for WHO that have informed updates for epidemiology and case management as well as identify research needs for pneumonia in children, both young children (<5 years) and school-aged children. Major contribution to update of the Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhea.
Child and adolescent tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major infectious disease globally, particularly common in poor and marginalised populations, with most cases occurring in the Asia-Pacific region. TB in children and adolescents is common but neglected. Multi-drug resistant TB is increasingly common. We collaborate with WHO Global TB Program, and research institutions and TB programmes in Asia-Pacific and Africa. Our projects improve the detection, treatment and prevention of TB in children and adolescents, in PNG, Vietnam, Indonesia, Uganda, Mongolia and Laos. We play a leading role in advocacy and translation to address the wide policy-practice gap and develop child-friendly treatments. Co-chaired update of WHO guidelines in 2021.
Community-based detect-treat-prevent tuberculosis elimination strategy
Leading projects that implement, strengthen and evaluate impact of decentralised and community-based activities for the detection and treatment of TB and MDR TB in communities, and preventive treatment strategies that protect at-risk individuals from disease and have potential to reduce ongoing community transmission. Projects in Mongolia funded by John Burge Trust, Uganda in collaboration with The Union and CDC, PNG and Indonesia with funding and collaborations from NHMRC, Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security and MRFF, Burnet Institute, Kirby Institute and with TB Centre of Research Excellence at the University of Sydney and Centenary Institute.
Strengthening TB services for children and adolescents in Victoria
Leading projects that have introduced new strategies to strengthen and evaluate the impact of health services in Victoria for the detection and treatment of TB in children and adolescents.
Child health in PNG and Solomon Islands
Multiple projects building capacity in research, public health, clinical care, and leadership in PNG - through grants and technical support to enable fellows to research priority areas of child health, take part in continuing professional development and develop health policy. The program has supported in PNG: training of over 50 paediatricians, the PNG National Child and Adolescent Health Plan (2021-2030), a national surveillance system for paediatric illnesses, publication of annual reports of Child Morbidity and Mortality, training of 300 nurses and other health care workers in hospital care for children; plus support to a newly established child health nursing course in Solomon Islands.
Global childhood cancer systems
As child mortality from infections and newborn conditions fall, countries face the challenge of rising morbidity and mortality from childhood cancer. Diagnosing and treating cancer is often viewed as expensive. Yet cost-effective approaches to building child cancer services exist. Our project explores current strategies for childhood cancer workforce development and potential future solutions to this growing need.
Funding
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF)
- John Burge Trust
- Save the Children
- Unicef
- European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)
- Grand Challenges Canada
- Indo-Pacific Centre for Health Security
- Department of Health, Victoria
Collaborations
UN agencies
- WHO Geneva
- WHO SEARO
- WHO WPRO
- UNICEF
- Unitaid
Academic
- University of Sydney
- Menzies School of Health Research
- University of PNG
- Universitas Gadjah Mada
- University of Health Sciences Lao PDR
- University of Ibadan / University College Hospital Ibadan
- University College London
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Munich
- University of Bordeaux
- University of Stellenbosch
- Karolinska Institute
- Makarere University
- University of Tasmania
National Institutions
- NCDC Mongolia
- Woolcock Institute Viet Nam
- NTLP Uganda
- Burnet Institute
- Kirby Institute
- icddr’b Bangladesh
- NTP PNG
- IMR PNG
NGOs
- Save the Children UK/Nigeria/Australia
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI)
- International Union Against TB and Lung Disease (The Union)
- EGPAF
- Mongolian Coalition Against Tuberculosis
Government
- Department of Health, Victoria
- DFAT
Other
- Asian Development Bank
Featured publications
- Implementation of an effective decentralized program for detection, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in children.
Dongo JP, Graham SM, et al. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:131 - Improving hospital oxygen systems for COVID-19 in low-resource settings.
Graham HR, Sheillah B, Bakare AA, Olayo BO, Peterson SS, Duke T, Falade AG. Glob Health Sci Pract 2020; 8: 858-62 - Implementation lessons from a multifaceted national newborn program in Solomon Islands: a mixed-methods study.
Tosif S, Jatobatu A, Maepioh A, Gray A, Gilbert K, Hodgson J, Duke T. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102: 667-75 - The forgotten children: national inquiry into children in immigration detention.
Paxton G, Tosif S, Graham H, et al. J Paediatr Child Health. 2015; 51: 365-8 - The impact of implementing WHO hospital guidelines on the quality of paediatric care in central hospitals in Lao PDR.
Gray A, Soukaloun D, Soumphonphakdy B, Duke T. Trop Med Int Health; 2015; 20: 484-92
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2021
Implementation of an effective decentralized program for detection, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in children. Dongo JP, Graham SM, et al. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:131
Infliximab for paradoxical reactions in pediatric central nervous system tuberculosis. Abo Y-N., et al. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2021
Characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Victorian children at a tertiary paediatric hospital. Tosif S, et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2021
Rural healthcare workers views on the introduction of solar power and oxygen concentrators in health facilities in Papua New Guinea: a qualitative study. Pulsan F, Duke T, Vince JD. Rural Remote Health. 2021; 21: 6615.
Barriers to seeking timely treatment for severe childhood pneumonia in rural Bangladesh. Chowdhury KIA, et al. Arch Dis Child 2021
Factors associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in hospitalised children: a retrospective analysis. Anderson J, et al. Arch Dis Child 2021
Creating the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group of Experts (STAGE) to advance maternal, newborn, child, adolescent health and nutrition: a new approach. Strategic and Technical Advisory Group of Experts. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6: e006726.
Oxygen systems and quality of care for children with pneumonia, malaria and diarrhoea: Analysis of a stepped-wedge trial in Nigeria. Graham HR, et al. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0254229.
Oxygen saturation reference ranges and factors affecting SpO(2) among children living at altitude. Binene V, et al. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106: 1160-1164.
Living with thalassaemia in Papua New Guinea, the experience of children, adolescents and their families. Nagiria VR, Vince JD, Duke T. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57: 1589-1593.
Clinical and laboratory features associated with mortality in children with severe malnutrition in Papua New Guinea. Kintwa I, Ripa P, Kurubi J, Kaupa M, Duke T. Paediatr Int Child Health 2021; 41: 123-128
Vitamin D deficiency and severity of pneumonia in Indonesian children. Oktaria V, Triasih R, Graham SM, et al. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0254488
Adapting active case finding for tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Chan G. Triasih R, et al. Public Health Action 2021; 11: 41-49
Tuberculosis contact tracing for young children: an Australian cascade of care review. Moyo N, Tay EL, Nolan A, Graham HR, Graham SM, Denholm JT. Public Health Action 2021; 11: 91-96
Tuberculosis in migrants to Australia: Outcomes of a national screening program. Trauer JM, et al. Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific 2021; 10: 100135
The incidence of acute respiratory infection in Indonesian infants and association with vitamin D deficiency. Oktaria V,et al. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0248722
Paediatric tuberculosis - new advances to close persistent gaps. Marais BJ, et al. Int J Infect Dis 2021:
Community intervention for child tuberculosis active contact investigation and management: study protocol for a parallel cluster randomized controlled trial. Vasiliu A, et al. Trials 2021; 22: 180
Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness Training in Lao PDR: A Pilot Study of an Adaptable Approach to Training and Supervision. O'Loughlin F, et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021
Evaluation strategies for measuring pneumococcal conjugate vaccine impact in low-resource settings. von Mollendorf C, et al. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021:1-9.
The effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against hypoxic pneumonia in children in Lao People's Democratic Republic: An observational hospital-based test-negative study. Weaver R, et al .Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2020; 2: 100014
Improving Hospital Oxygen Systems for COVID-19 in Low-Resource Settings: Lessons From the Field. Graham HR, et al. 2020; 8: 858-862.
Hemodynamic Response to Fluid Boluses for Hypotension in Children in a Cardiac ICU. Gelbart B, et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22: 79-89.
Descriptive study of parents' perceptions of paediatric ward rounds. Barrington J, et al. Arch Dis Child 2021
Junior doctor perceptions of education and feedback on ward rounds. Modak MB, Gray AZ. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57: 96-102.
A novel approach to medical mentoring. Polley C, Cisternino A, Gray A. Clin Teach 2021; 18: 37-42
Solar-powered oxygen, quality improvement and child pneumonia deaths: a large-scale effectiveness study. Duke T, et al. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106: 224-230.
Response to oxygen therapy using oxygen concentrators run off solar power in children with respiratory distress in remote primary health facilities in Papua New Guinea. Pulsan F, Duke T. Trop Doct 2021; 51: 15-19.
2020
Schistosoma serology after praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma infection in refugee children resettled in Australia: A retrospective analysis. Volkman T, Clifford V, Paxton GA. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37: 101680.
Quality microbiological diagnostics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, an essential component of antimicrobial resistance surveillance and control efforts in Pacific island nations. Ferguson JK, et al. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2020; 11: 41-46.
The prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in Indonesian infants at birth and six months of age. Oktaria V, et al. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0239603
Applying lessons learnt from research of child pneumonia management in Vietnam. Nguyen PT, et al. Paediatr Resp Rev 2020
Antibiotic use in children hospitalised with pneumonia in central Vietnam. Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Fitzgerald DA, Graham SM, Marais BJ. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105: 713-719
Tuberculosis contact investigation and short-course preventive therapy among young children in four African countries. Schwoebel V,et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24: 452-460
Tuberculosis in pregnant women and neonates: A meta-review of current evidence. Snow KJ, Bekker A, Huang GK, Graham SM. Paediatr Resp Rev 2020
State-of-the-art in the pneumococcal field: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD-11). Kwambana-Adams BA, and IPPD group. Pneumonia 2020; 12, 2
Adolescent tuberculosis. Snow KJ, et al. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4: 68-79
Predictors of unlikely bacterial pneumonia and adverse pneumonia outcome in children admitted to a hospital in central Vietnam. Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Tran TS, Fitzgerald DA, Graham SM, Marais BJ. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70: 1733-1741
The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis. Martinez L, Cords O, Horsburgh CR, Andrews JR, on behalf of the Pediatric TB Contact Studies Consortium. Lancet 2020; 395: 973-984
Levofloxacin versus placebo for the treatment of latent tuberculosis among contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (The VQUIN MDR Trial): a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Fox GJ,et al. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e033945
Multifaceted interventions for healthcare-associated infections and rational use of antibiotics in a low-to-middle-income country: Can they be sustained? Murni IK, Duke T, et al. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0234233.
Protecting children in low-income and middle-income countries from COVID-19. Ahmed S, et al. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5: e002844
Paediatric care in the time of COVID-19 in countries with under-resourced healthcare systems. Duke T, English M, Carai S, Qazi S. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105: 616-617.
WHO hospital care for children guidelines: what do users need? Duke T, Were W. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105: 711-712.
Congenital Syphilis in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Lifigao M, Nasi T, et al. J Trop Pediatr 2020; 66: 583-588.
An outbreak of dengue fever in children in the National Capital District of Papua New Guinea in 2016. Pulsan F, Sobi K, Anga G, Vince J, Duke T. Paediatr Int Child Health 2020; 40: 177-180.
The process of implementing child mortality reviews in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative systematic review. Young A, Duke T. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25: 764-773
Diagnosis of pneumonia and malaria in Nigerian hospitals: A prospective cohort study. Graham H, et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020;55 Suppl 1: S37-S50.
Nebulised normal saline in moderate acute bronchiolitis and pneumonia in a low- to middle-income country: a randomised trial in Papua New Guinea. Pukai G, Duke T. Paediatr Int Child Health 2020; 40: 171-176.
Healthcare worker knowledge and skills following coaching in WHO early essential newborn care program in the Solomon Islands: a prospective multi-site cohort study. Tosif S,et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20: 84.
Implementation Lessons from a Multifaceted National Newborn Program in Solomon Islands: A Mixed-Methods Study. Tosif S, et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102: 667-675.
Oxygen therapy for children: A key tool in reducing deaths from pneumonia. Graham H, et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55 Suppl 1: S61-S64.
Cause-specific neonatal morbidity and mortality in the Solomon Islands: An assessment of data from four hospitals over a three-year period. Tosif S, Jatobatu A, Maepioh A, Subhi R, Francis KL, Duke T. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56: 607-614.
Lessons from demographic and health surveys on child health and the sustainable development goals: call for papers. Duke T. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105: 209-210.
Antimicrobial resistance: think globally but act locally. Duke T, Wong NX. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105: 1-3.
Providing oxygen to children and newborns: a multi-faceted technical and clinical assessment of oxygen access and oxygen use in secondary-level hospitals in southwest Nigeria. Bakare AA, Graham H, et al. Int Health 2020; 12: 60-68.
Does fluid bolus therapy increase blood pressure in children with sepsis? Long E, Babl FE, Oakley E, Hopper S, Sheridan B, Duke T; Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Emerg Med Australas 2020; 32: 54-60.
Ten years of severe respiratory syncytial virus infections in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit. Pham H, Thompson J, Wurzel D, Duke T. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56: 61-67
Using intermittent pulse oximetry to guide neonatal oxygen therapy in a low-resource context. Walker PJB, et al. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020; 105: 316-321.
Scaling up tuberculosis preventive therapy for contacts in high transmission settings. Majumdar SS, Triasih R, Graham SM. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8: e617-e618
European guidance on drug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Groschel MI,et al. Lancet Child Adol Health 2020; 4: 9-11
2019
Childhood Hearing Australasian Medical Professionals network: Consensus guidelines on investigation and clinical management of childhood hearing loss. Sung V, et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55: 1013-1022.
Outcomes of Children with Chronic Intestinal Failure: Experience Over 2 Decades at a Tertiary Paediatric Hospital. Jo SC, et al. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69: e79-e87.
Oxygen systems to improve clinical care and outcomes for children and neonates: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial in Nigeria. Graham HR, et al. PLoS Med 2019; 16: e1002951
Hypoxaemia in hospitalised children and neonates: A prospective cohort study in Nigerian secondary-level hospitals. Graham H, et al. EClinicalMedicine 2019;16:51-63.
Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Cannula vs Standard Oxygen Therapy or Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Children with Respiratory Distress: A Meta-Analysis. Luo J, Duke T, et al. J Pediatr 2019; 215: 199-208.
Oral Rehydration in Children with Acute Diarrhoea and Moderate Dehydration-Effectiveness of an ORS Tolerance Test. Kauna R et al. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65: 583-591.
Epilepsy in Papua New Guinea: a longitudinal cohort study. Mond C, Duke T, Vince J. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104: 941-946.
What the PERCH study means for future pneumonia strategies. Duke T. Lancet 2019; 394: 714-716.
CPAP and high-flow oxygen to address high mortality of very severe pneumonia in low-income countries - keeping it in perspective. Duke T. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39: 155-159.
Continuous positive airway pressure in children with severe pneumonia and hypoxaemia in Papua New Guinea: an evaluation of implementation. Pulsan F, Sobi K, Duke T. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108: 1887-1895.
New WHO guidelines on paediatric mortality and morbidity auditing. Duke T, Irimu G, Were W. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104: 831-832.
Simplified management protocol for term neonates after prolonged rupture of membranes in a setting with high rates of neonatal sepsis and mortality: a quality improvement study. Olita'a D, et al. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104: 115-120.
Effect of Fluid Bolus Therapy on Extravascular Lung Water Measured by Lung Ultrasound in Children With a Presumptive Clinical Diagnosis of Sepsis. Long E, O'Brien A, Duke T, Oakley E, Babl FE; Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative. J Ultrasound Med 2019; 38: 1537-1544.
Predictors of mortality in children with nosocomial bloodstream infection. Murni IK, Duke T, et al. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39: 119-123.
Outcomes in children treated for tuberculosis with the new dispersible fixed-dose combinations in Port Moresby. Apis V, Landi M, Graham SM,et al. Public Health Action 2019; 9 (Suppl 1): S32-S37
Implementation of screening and management of household contacts of tuberculosis cases in Daru, PNG. Honjepari A,et al. Public Health Action 2019; 9 (Suppl 1): S25-S31
Challenges in TB diagnosis and treatment: the Kavieng Provincial Hospital experience, Papua New Guinea. Sodeng K, Yoannes M, Botu A, Semmie M, Shewade HD, Commons R, Graham SM, du Cros P. Public Health Action 2019; 9 (Suppl 1): S57-S61
Drug-resistant tuberculosis diagnosis since Xpert MTB/RIF introduction in Papua New Guinea (2012-2017). Lavu E,et al. Public Health Action 2019; 9 (Suppl 1): S12-S18
Telemedicine in resource-limited settings to optimize care for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Huang GKL,et al. Front Public Health 2019; 7: 222
Training for tuberculosis elimination in Indonesia: achievements, reflections and potential for impact. Main S,et al. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4: 0107
Challenges and opportunities to prevent tuberculosis in people living with HIV in low-income countries. Harries AD, et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 23: 241-251
Impact of the change in the WHO severe pneumonia case definition on hospitalised pneumonia epidemiology: case studies from Africa and the Asia-Pacific. Russell F, et al. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97: 386-393
Characterisation of children hospitalised with pneumonia in central Vietnam: A prospective study. Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Fitzgerald D, Tran T, Graham SM, Marais BJ. Eur Resp J 2019; 54: 1802256
Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis. Reid MJA,et al. Lancet 2019; 393: 1331-1384
Bridging the knowledge-practice gap in tuberculosis contact management in a high-burden setting: a mixed-methods protocol for a multicenter health system strengthening study. Lestari T, Graham S, et al. Implementation Science 2019; 14: 31
Mycobacteria-specific mono- and polyfunctional CD4+ T cell profiles in children with latent and active tuberculosis: a prospective proof-of-concept study. Tebruegge M, et al. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 431
Paediatric use of antibiotics in children with community acquired pneumonia: A survey from Da Nang, Viet Nam. Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Truong HT, Nguyen VT, Graham SM, Marais BJ. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55: 1329-1324
Building operational research capacity for tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea. Aia P, Majumdar SS, Pomat W, Tefuarani N, Graham SM, Dakulala P. Public Health Action 2019; 9 (Suppl 1): S1-S2
Case detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary-care settings. Graham SM, Sekadde MP. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39: 84-87
2018
Antibiotic use in the management of children with the common cold at a provincial hospital in Papua New Guinea: a point-prevalence study. Zamunu A, et al. Paediatr Int Child Health 2018; 38: 261-265.
Catching up with catch-up: a policy analysis of immunisation for refugees and asylum seekers in Victoria. Paxton GA, et al. Aust J Prim Health 2018; 24: 480-490
Adoption of paediatric and neonatal pulse oximetry by 12 hospitals in Nigeria: a mixed-methods realist evaluation. Graham HR, Bakare AA, Gray A, et al. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3: e000812.
How to do a postgraduate research project and write a minor thesis. Duke T. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103: 820-827
New WHO standards for improving the quality of healthcare for children and adolescents. Duke T. Arch Dis Child 2018;103: 625-627.
Safety, Effectiveness and Feasibility of Outpatient Management of Children with Pneumonia with Chest Indrawing at Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea. Morre R, et al. J Trop Pediatr 2019; 65: 71-77.
Improved oxygen systems in district hospitals in Lao PDR: a prospective field trial of the impact on outcomes for childhood pneumonia and equipment sustainability. Gray AZ, et al. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017;1: e000083.
Evaluating the process and outcomes of child death review in the Solomon Islands. Sandakabatu M, Nasi T, Titiulu C, Duke T. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103: 685-690.
Cardiac Index Changes With Fluid Bolus Therapy in Children With Sepsis-An Observational Study. Long E, et al; Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19: 513-518.
Does respiratory variation of inferior vena cava diameter predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously ventilating children with sepsis. Long E, Duke T, et al; Pediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT). Emerg Med Australas 2018; 30: 556-563.
Human immunodeficiency virus status disclosure and education for children and adolescents in Papua New Guinea. Orelly T, et al. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54: 728-734.
Rhabdomyolysis in a Tertiary PICU: A 10-Year Study. Gelbart B, et al. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19: e51-e57.
Perioperative infections in congenital heart disease. Murni IK, et al. Cardiol Young 2017; 27(S6): S14-S21.
True Pathogen or Contamination: Validation of Blood Cultures for the Diagnosis of Nosocomial Infections in a Developing Country. Murni IK, Duke T, et al. J Trop Pediatr 2018; 64: 389-394
The upcoming UN general assembly resolution on tuberculosis must also benefit children. Detjen AK, McKenna L, Graham SM, on behalf of the WHO/Stop TB Partnership Child and Adolescent TB Working Group. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: 485-486
WHO manuals contributions since 2018
Rapid communication on updated guidance on the management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. World Health Organization, 2021
WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis – tuberculosis preventive treatment. World Health Organization, 2020.
WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis. Module 1: prevention – tuberculosis preventive treatment. World Health Organization, 2020.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents in the WHO European Region: expert opinion. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 2019.
Roadmap towards ending TB in children and adolescents. World Health Organization/Unicef/ Stop TB Partnership/The Union//TAG/KNCV/The Global Fund/EGPAF/USAID/Unitaid. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2018. French version published 2019.
Best Practices in Child and Adolescent Tuberculosis Care. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2018.
Research Priorities for Paediatric Tuberculosis. Treatment Action Group. 2018.
Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2018.