Fractional COVID-19 booster vaccines produce similar immune response as full-doses

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Reducing the dose of a widely used COVID-19 booster vaccine produces a similar immune response in adults to a full-dose with fewer side effects, according to a new study.

The research, led by Murdoch Children's Research Institute (MCRI) and the National Centre for Communicable Diseases in Mongolia, found that a half dose of a Pfizer COVID-19 booster vaccine elicited a non-inferior immune response to a full dose in Mongolian adults who previously had AstraZeneca or Sinopharm COVID-19 shots. But it found half-dose boosting may be less effective in adults primed with the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine. 

The research is part of an international clinical trial, which also includes Australia and Indonesia, that’s investigating the different COVID-19 booster shot approaches to help guide future vaccination strategies. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is funding the trial that is being overseen by MCRI. 

The first batch of findings, published in The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, and involving 601 participants over 18 years old from Mongolia, reports on the initial responses seen 28-days after vaccination. The study is the first of its kind to assess and compare COVID-19 vaccines widely used in low- and middle-income countries.

MCRI Professor Kim Mulholland, who also sits on the WHO SAGE committee, said the study found that fractional doses elicited an immune response that was non-inferior to a full dose with fewer side effects and was less costly.

“Fractional dosing may improve COVID-19 booster acceptability and uptake and reduce the per-dose cost of COVID-19 booster programs,” he said. “Policymakers and immunisation advisory committees can draw upon this data to make flexible boosting schedules decisions.”

The study found half-dose boosted participants reported fewer local reactions than those receiving full doses (60 per cent versus 72 per cent) including less pain and tenderness. They also reported fewer systemic reactions (25 per cent versus 32 per cent) including less fevers, vomiting, diarrhoea and headaches. 

The cohort will be followed up at six and 12 months with the data to answer key questions on other aspects of the immune response including the rate of waning and breakthrough infections. 

Dr Melanie Saville, Executive Director of R&D at CEPI said, “This CEPI-funded study has generated valuable data about combinations of vaccines that have been widely distributed through COVAX, which will help to inform future booster strategies in countries in the global south. Fractional dosing can contribute to equitable access by making vaccination more acceptable and less costly.”

Researchers from Onoshmed Laboratory, Sukhbaatar District Health Centre, General Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, the University of Melbourne, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Bayangol District Health Centre, Mongolia Ministry of Health and the National Centre for Public Health in Mongolia also contributed to the findings.

Publication: Tsetsegsaikhan Batmunkh, Kerryn A Moore, Helen Thomson, Bolor Altangerel, Otgonjargal Amraa, Naranbaatar Avaa , Lkhagvagaram Batbayar, Khishigjargal Batsukh, Kathryn Bright, Tsogjargal Burentogtokh, Lien Anh Ha Do, Gantuya Dorj, John D Hart, Khulan Javkhlantugs, Sarantsetseg Jigjidsuren, Frances Justice, Shuo Li, Paul V Licciardi, Khaliunaa Mashbaatar, Nadia Mazarakis, Eleanor F G Neal, Cattram Duong Nguyen, Batbayar Ochirbat, Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmon, Alimaa Tuya, Unursaikhan Surenjav, Claire von Mollendorf and Kim Mulholland. ‘Immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of a half-versus full-dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) booster following a two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BBIBP-CorV, or Gam-COVID-Vac priming schedule in Mongolia: a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial,’ The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100953

*The content of this communication is the sole responsibility of Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and does not reflect the views of the NHMRC.

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Professor Kim Mulholland, MCRI Group Leader, New Vaccines

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About Murdoch Children’s Research Institute

Murdoch Children's Research Institute is the largest child health research institute in Australia committed to making discoveries and developing treatments to improve child and adolescent health in Australia and around the world. They are pioneering new treatments, trialling better vaccines and improving ways of diagnosing and helping sick babies, children and adolescents. It is one of the only research institutes in Australia to offer genetic testing to find answers for families of children with previously undiagnosed conditions.

Funding

CEPI has provided US $10 million in funding to the trial led by MCRI in collaboration with Padjadjaran University, the University of Indonesia and the Government of Mongolia and with grant management support from the global non-profit organisation PATH. CEPI receives funding from the Australian Government. Kerryn Moore is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career Fellowship (Grant Number APP1160936). Authors affiliated with MCRI were supported by the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program.